When We Think of Jesus, Think Upon This 

When We Think of Jesus, Think Upon This

Medical Aspects of the Crucifiction: What He Endured For Us.
Compiled by David Terasaka, M.D. ??1996. All Rights Reserved, David
Terasaka, M.D. However, permission is hereby granted to copy and
distribute free of charge for non-commercial purposes only.



Heb 12:2 - "Let us fix our eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of our
faith, who for the joy set before him endured the cross, scorning its
shame, and sat down at the right hand of the throne of God."
In the last few hours of Jesus' life what did He endure, and what shame
did He suffer?
EXCRUCIATE: to cause great agony, torment
Latin : ex : out of, from cruciate : cross
"from the cross"
The tone of this presentation can best be summarized in the word
"excruciate", (the root of the word "excruciating") which refers to
something which causes great agony or torment. The Latin roots of the word
are :"ex", meaning from or out of, and "cruciate", meaning cross. The word
"excruciate" comes from the Latin for "from, or out of, the
cross".(Websters)
GENERAL OVERVIEW
Jesus spent the last hours before the crucifixion at several places in
Jerusalem. He started the evening in the Upper Room, in southwest
Jerusalem. At the Last Supper, He told the disciples that His body and His
blood were to be given for them.(Matt 26: 26-29) He went outside of the
city to the Garden of Gethesemane. He was then arrested and brought back
to the to the palace of the High Priest. where He was questioned by Annas,
a former High Priest, and Caiaphas, Annas' son in law . Afterwards, He was
tried by the Sanhedrin, and found to be guilty of blasphemy by proclaiming
Himself the Son of God. He was sentenced to the death penalty. Since only
the Romans were able to execute criminals, He was sent to Pontius Pilate
at the Antonia Fortress. Pilate, not finding anything wrong, sent Him to
King Herod , who returned Him back to Pilate. Pilate, submitting to the
pressure of the crowd, then ordered that Jesus be flogged and crucified.
He was finally led out of the city walls to be crucified at Calvary.
THE HEALTH OF JESUS AND DEMANDS OF THE ORDEAL
It is reasonable to assume that Jesus was in good health prior to the
ordeal that He faced in the hours before His death. Having been a
carpenter and traveling throughout the land during His ministry would have
required that He would be in good physical condition. Before the
crucifixion, however, He was forced to walk 2.5 miles over a sleepless
night, during which He suffered great anguish through His six trials, was
mocked, ridiculed and severely beaten, and was abandoned by His friends
and Father. (Edwards)
THE UPPER ROOM OR CENACULUM
The ordeal began in an upper room of a house at what we now call the Last
Supper, where Jesus, in giving the first communion, predicted that His
body and blood would be given.(Matt 26:17-29) Today in Jerusalem, one can
visit the Cenacle or Cenaculum (Latin for dining hall), a room which is
built over what is believed to be the site of the Upper Room, (Kollek)
which was located on the southwestern aspect of the old city.
GETHESEMANE : oil press
Luke 22:44 And being in anguish, he prayed more earnestly, and his sweat
was like drops of blood falling to the ground.
"the Spirit of God ....crushed"
From the upper room, Jesus went outside of the city walls where he spent
time in prayer at the Garden of Gethesemane. The garden has many ancient
olive trees today, some of which may have grown from the roots of the
trees that were present in Jesus' time. (All trees in and around Jerusalem
were cut down when the Romans conquered the city in 70 A.D. Olive trees
can regenerate from their roots and live for thousands of years.) The name
"Gethesemane", comes from the Hebrew Gat Shmanim, meaning "oil press"
(Kollek). Since "oil" is used in the Bible to symbolize the Holy Spirit,
it may be said that the garden is where "the Spirit of God was
crushed".(Missler). It was here that Jesus agonized in prayer over what
was to occur. It is significant that this is the only place in the KJV
where the word "agony" is mentioned.(Strong's concordance) The Greek word
for agony means to be "engaged in combat" (Pink) Jesus agonizes over what
He is to go through, feeling that He is at the point of death.(Mark14:34)
Yet He prays, "Not my will, but thine be done."
Of medical significance is that Luke mentions Him as having sweat like
blood. The medical term for this, "hemohidrosis" or "hematidrosis" has
been seen in patients who have experienced, extreme stress or shock to
their systems. (Edwards) The capillaries around the sweat pores become
fragile and leak blood into the sweat. A case history is recorded in which
a young girl who had a fear of air raids in WW1 developed the condition
after a gas explosion occurred in the house next door.(Scott)) Another
report mentions a nun who, as she was threatened with death by the swords
of the enemy soldiers," was so terrified that she bled from every part of
her body and died of hemorrhage in the sight of her
assailants."(Grafenberg) As a memorial to Jesus' ordeal, a church which
now stands in Gethesemane is known as the Church of the Agony. (also
called the Church of the Nations because many nations donated money to its
construction.(Kollek)
ABANDONED BY MAN
Matthew 26:56: "Then all the disciples deserted him and fled."
Psa 22:11: "Do not be far from me, for trouble is near and there is no one
to help."
While in Gethesemane, Jesus is betrayed by Judas and arrested by the Jews.
His disciples all desert Him, even at the expense of running away naked
(Mark 14:51-52). He is bound (John 18:12) then brought back to the city to
the court of the High Priest, which is located near the Upper room.
ILLEGAL ASPECTS OF THE TRIAL OF JESUS
Following are some of the illegal aspects of the trial of Jesus:
Trials could occur only in the regular meeting places of the Sanhedrin
(not in the palace of the High Priest)
Trials could not occur on the eve of the Sabbath or Feast Days or at
night
A sentence of 'guilty' might only be pronounced on the day following the
trial
THE ISSUE OF WITNESSES
Deut 19:15: "One witness is not enough to convict a man accused of any
crime or offense he may have committed. A matter must be established by
the testimony of two or three witnesses."
Deut 17:6: "On the testimony of two or three witnesses a man shall be put
to death, but no one shall be put to death on the testimony of only one
witness."
Mark 14:56: "Many testified falsely against him, but their statements did
not agree."
While in the court of the High Priest, He was questioned by Annas (John
18:13) and struck by a soldier (John 18: 22). He was then brought to
Caiaphas and the Sanhedrin. who sought to put Jesus to death by the false
testimony of many witnesses. The witnesses brought against Him did not
agree. By the law, no one could be put to death without the agreement of
two or three witnesses. Although the witnesses did not agree, He was found
guilty of blasphemy when He told them of His identity as the Son of God.
He was sentenced to death. Jesus suffered ridicule from the palace guards,
who spat on Him, beat Him and slapped Him on the face.(Mark 14:65.) During
the trial, Peter denies Him three times. The proceedings of Jesus' trial
violated many of the laws of His society. Among some of the other broken
laws were:(Bucklin)
Any arrest could not be made at night.
The time and date of the trial were illegal because it took place at
night and on the eve of the Sabbath. This time precluded any chance for
the required adjournment to the next day in the event of a conviction.
The Sanhedrin was without authority to instigate charges. It was only
supposed to investigate charges brought before it. In Jesus' trial, the
court itself formulated the charges.
The charges against Jesus were changed during the trial. He was
initially charged with blasphemy based upon His statement that He would
be able to destroy and rebuild the Temple of God within three days, as
well as His claim to be the Son of God. When He was brought before
Pilate, the charge was that Jesus was a King and did not advocate paying
taxes to the Romans.
As stated above, the requirement of two witnesses in agreement to merit
the death penalty was not met.
The court did not meet in the regular meeting place of the Sanhedrin, as
required by Jewish law.
Christ was not permitted a defense. Under Jewish law, an exhaustive
search into the facts presented by the witnesses should have occurred.
The Sanhedrin pronounced the death sentence. Under law, the Sanhedrin
were not allowed to convict and put the death sentence into effect.
(John 18:31)
Today, one can visit the palace of the High Priest. where one can stand in
the midst of the ruins of the courtyard. A model of the structure in
Jesus' time is available for viewing.
PILATE'S VERDICT
Mark 15:15 - "Wanting to satisfy the crowd, Pilate released Barabbas to
them. He had Jesus flogged, and handed him over to be crucified."
The Sanhedrin met early the next morning and sentenced Him to death.
(Matthew 27:1) Because the Jews were not, and the Romans were, able to
carry out an execution, Jesus was brought before Pilate. The charge was
now changed to an allegation that Jesus claimed to be King and forbade the
nation to pay taxes to Caesar. (Luke 23:5) In spite of all the charges,
Pilate finds nothing wrong. He sends Jesus to Herod. Jesus is speechless
before Herod, except to affirm that He is King of the Jews. Herod sends
Him back to Pilate. Pilate is unable to convince the crowds of Jesus'
innocence and orders Jesus to be put to death. Some sources state that it
was Roman law that a criminal that was to be crucified had to be flogged
first.(McDowell) Others believe that Jesus was flogged first by Pilate in
the hope of getting Him off with a lighter punishment .(Davis) In spite of
his efforts, the Jews allow Barabbas to be released and demand that Jesus
be crucified, even crying that ,"His blood be on us and on our children!"
(Matthew 27:25) Pilate hands Jesus over to be flogged and crucified.
It is at this point that Jesus suffers a severe physical beating.
(Edwards) During a flogging, a victim was tied to a post, leaving his
back entirely exposed. The Romans used a whip, called a flagrum or
flagellum which consisted of small pieces of bone and metal attached to a
number of leather strands. The number of strikes is not recorded in the
gospels. The number of blows in Jewish law was set in Deuteronomy 25:3 at
forty, but later reduced to 39 to prevent excessive blows by a counting
error. (Holmans). The victim often died from the beating. (39 hits were
believed to bring the criminal to "one from death".) Roman law did not put
any limits on the number of blows given. (McDowell) During the flogging,
the skin was stripped from the back, exposing a bloody mass of muscle and
bone ("hamburger " : Metherall). Extreme blood loss occurred from this
beating, weakening the victim. perhaps to the point of being unconscious.
ROMAN SOLDIERS MOCK AND BEAT JESUS
Matthew 27:28-30 (The soldiers) stripped him and put a scarlet robe on
him and then twisted together a crown of thorns and set it on his head.
They put a staff in his right hand and knelt in front of him and mocked
him. "Hail, king of the Jews!" they said. They spit on him, and took the
staff and struck him on the head again and again. Jesus was then beaten by
the Roman soldiers. In mockery, they dressed Him in what was probably the
cloak of a Roman officer, which was colored dark purple or scarlet
.(Amplified Bible) He also wore the crown of thorns. Unlike the
traditional crown which is depicted by an open ring, the actual crown of
thorns may have covered the entire scalp.(Lumpkin) The thorns may have
been 1 to 2 inches long. The gospels state that the Roman soldiers
continued to beat Jesus on the head. The blows would drive the thorns into
the scalp (one of the most vascular areas of the body) and forehead,
causing severe bleeding.
THE CROWN OF THORNS AND THE ROBE
Genesis 3:17-18: "Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful
toil you will eat of it all the days of your life. It will produce thorns
and thistles for you, and you will eat the plants of the field."Isaiah
1:18 "Come now, let us reason together," says the LORD. "Though your sins
are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red as
crimson, they shall be like wool." The significance of the scarlet robe
and crown of thorns is to emphasize Jesus' taking the sins of the world
upon His body. The Bible describes sin by the color of scarlet (Is 1:18)
and that thorns first appeared after the fall, as a sign of the curse.
Thus, the articles that He wore are symbols to show that Jesus took on the
sins (and the curse) of the world upon Himself. It is not clear that He
wore the crown of thorns on the cross. Matthew describes that the Romans
removed His clothes after the beating, and that they put His own clothes
back on Him. (Matt 27:31)
THE SEVERITY OF THE BEATING
Isaiah 50:6: "I offered my back to those who beat me, my cheeks to those
who pulled out my beard; I did not hide my face from mocking and
spitting."
Isaiah 52:14: "..... Just as there were many who were appalled at him --
his appearance was so disfigured beyond that of any man and his form
marred beyond human likeness--"
The severity of the beating is not detailed in the gospels. However, in
the book of Isaiah, it suggests that the Romans pulled out His
beard.(Isaiah 50:8) . It is also mentions that Jesus was beaten so
severely that His form did not look like that of "a son of a man" i.e.
that of a human being. The literal translation of the verse reads, "So
marred from the form of man was His aspect, that His appearance was not as
that of a son of a man." People were appalled to look at Him (Isaiah
52:13). His disfigurement may explain why He was not easily recognized in
His post resurrection appearances.(Missler) Today, one can visit a site
known as the Lithostrotos, traditionally believed to be the floor of the
Antonio Fortress.(although recent excavations may cast doubt on this
theory (Gonen)) The floor is marked for games once played by the Roman
soldiers
From the beating, Jesus walked on a path, now known as the Via Dolorosa or
the "way of suffering", to be crucified at Golgotha. The total distance
has been estimated at 650 yards. (Edwards). A narrow street of stone, it
was probably surrounded by markets in Jesus' time. He was led through the
crowded streets carrying the crossbar of the cross(called a patibulum)
across His shoulders. The crossbar probably weighed between 80 to 110
pounds. He was surrounded by a guard of Roman soldiers, one of which
carried a titulus, a sign which announced His crime of being "the King of
the Jews" in Hebrew, Latin and Greek. On the way, He was unable to carry
the cross. Some theorize that he may have fallen while going down the
steps of the Antonio Fortress. A fall with the heavy patibulum on His back
may have led to a contusion of the heart, predisposing His heart to
rupture on the cross. (Ball) Simon of Cyrene (currently North Africa
(Tripoli)), who apparently was affected by these events, was summoned to
help.
The present Via Dolorosa was marked in the 16th century as the route over
which Christ was led to His crucifixion.(Magi) As is the location of
Calvary, the true location of the Via Dolorosa is disputed. Much tradition
as to what happened to Jesus is encountered on the Via Dolorosa today.
There are 14 stations of 'events' that occurred and 9 churches on the way
today. The stations of the cross were established in the 1800's. (Magi)
Today, there is one section of the path where one can walk on the stones
which were used during Jesus time.
SUFFERING ON THE CROSS
Psalm 22:16-17: Dogs have surrounded me; a band of evil men has encircled
me, they have pierced my hands and my feet. I can count all my bones;
people stare and gloat over me."
The crucifixion event is prophesied in several places throughout the Old
Testament. One of the most striking is recorded in Isaiah 52:13 ,where it
says that , "My servant will act wisely (or prosper) .He will be raised
and lifted up and greatly exalted." In John 3, Jesus talks about His
fulfillment of that prophecy when He says, "Just as Moses lifted up the
snake in the desert, so the Son of Man must be lifted up that everyone who
believes in Him may have eternal life." He refers to the events recorded
in Numbers 21:6-9. The Lord had sent a plague of fiery serpents on the
people of Israel and they bit the people so that many of the people died.
After the people confessed their sin to Moses, the Lord for gave them by
having a bronze serpent made. Bronze is a symbol for judgment and the
serpent is a symbol of the curse. Whoever was bitten by a serpent and then
looked at the bronze serpent, was saved from death.. These verses are
prophecies that point to the crucifixion, in the Jesus would be (lifted up
) on the cross for the judgment of sin, so that whoever believed in Him
should not die (an eternal death), but live an eternal life. II Cor 5 :21
amplifies this point, in that "He (the Father) made Him who knew no sin
(the Son) to be sin on our behalf, so that we might become the
righteousness of God in Him."(Pink) It is interesting that the sign of
Aesculapius which is the symbol of the medical profession today, had its
roots from the making of the bronze serpent.(Metherall) Indeed, Jesus is
the healer of all! Jesus is led to the place of the skull (Latin Calvary,
Aramaic :Golgotha) to be crucified. The actual location of Calvary is also
in dispute. At the end of the Via Dolorosa, there is a "T intersection".
If one turns left, we go to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. If one turns
to the right, one goes to Gordon's Calvary. The Church of the Holy
sepulcher has long been believed to be the traditional site of the
crucifixion.
Gordon's Calvary has a possible prophetic reason for being the actual site
of the crucifixion .In Genesis 22, Abraham is tested by God to sacrifice
Isaac on the top of a mountain. Realizing that he is acting out a
prophecy, that "God Himself will provide a Lamb" , Abraham calls the place
of the event "Jehovah Jireh", meaning "In the mount of the Lord it shall
be seen." If we take this as a prophetic event of Jesus' death, then
Jesus' died on the high ground of Jerusalem. Gordon's Calvary is the
highest point of Jerusalem, 777 meters above sea level.(Missler: Map from
Israel tour book) Today, at Gordon's Calvary, caves in the rock are
situated which give the site the appearance of a skull.
Jesus was then crucified. Crucifixion was a practice that originated with
the Persians and was later passed on to the Carthaginians and the
Phoenicians. The Romans perfected it as a method of execution which caused
maximal pain and suffering over a period of time. Those crucified included
slaves, provincials and the lowest types of criminals. Roman citizens,
except perhaps for soldiers who deserted, were not subjected to this
treatment. (McDowell)
The crucifixion site "was purposely chosen to be outside the city walls
because the Law forbade such within the city walls...for sanitary reasons
... the crucified body was sometimes left to rot on the cross and serve as
a disgrace, a convincing warning and deterrent to passers by." (Johnson)
Sometimes, the subject was eaten while alive and still on the cross by
wild beasts. (Lipsius)
The procedure of crucifixion may be summarized as follows. The patibulum
was put on the ground and the victim laid upon it. Nails, about 7 inches
long and with a diameter of 1 cm ( roughly 3/8 of an inch) were driven in
the wrists . The points would go into the vicinity of the median nerve,
causing shocks of pain to radiate through the arms. It was possible to
place the nails between the bones so that no fractures (or broken bones)
occurred. Studies have shown that nails were probably driven through the
small bones of the wrist, since nails in the palms of the hand would not
support the weight of a body. In ancient terminology, the wrist was
considered to be part of the hand. (Davis) Standing at the crucifixion
sites would be upright posts, called stipes, standing about 7 feet
high.(Edwards) In the center of the stipes was a crude seat, called a
sedile or sedulum, which served a support for the victim. The patibulum
was then lifted on to the stipes. The feet were then nailed to the stipes.
To allow for this, the knees had to be bent and rotated laterally, being
left in a very uncomfortable position. The titulus was hung above the
victim's head.
There were several different types of crosses used during crucifixion. In
Jesus' time, it was most likely that the cross used was a T shaped (or tau
cross,), not the popular Latin, or t shaped cross which is accepted
today.(Lumpkin)
PHYSICAL SUFFERING ON THE CROSS
Psalm 22:14-15: "I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of
joint. My heart has turned to wax; it has melted away within me. My
strength is dried up like a potsherd, and my tongue sticks to the roof of
my mouth; you lay me in the dust of death."
Having suffered from the beatings and flogging, Jesus suffered from severe
hypovolemia from the loss of blood. The verses above describe His
dehydrated state and loss of His strength.
When the cross was erected upright, there was tremendous strain put on the
wrists, arms and shoulders, resulting in a dislocation of the shoulder and
elbow joints.(Metherall) The arms, being held up and outward, held the rib
cage in a fixed end inspiratory position which made it extremely difficult
to exhale, and impossible to take a full breath. The victim would only be
able to take very shallow breaths.(This may explain why Jesus made very
short statements while on the cross). As time passed, the muscles, from
the loss of blood, last of oxygen and the fixed position of the body,
would undergo severe cramps and spasmodic contractions
ABANDONED BY GOD -- SPIRITUAL DEATH
Matthew 27:46: "About the ninth hour Jesus cried out in a loud voice,
"Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?'--which means, My God, my God, why have you
forsaken me?"
With the sin of the world upon Him, Jesus suffered spiritual death
(separation from the Father ). Isaiah 59:2 says that sins cause a
separation from God, and that He hides His face from you so that He does
not hear. The Father must turn away from His Beloved Son on the cross. For
the first time, Jesus does not address God as His Father.(Courson)
DEATH BY CRUCIFIXION : SLOW SUFFOCATION
Shallowness of breathing causes small areas of lung collapse.
Decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide causes acidic conditions
in the tissues.
Fluid builds up in the lungs. Makes situation in step 2 worse.
Heart is stressed and eventually fails.
The slow process of suffering and resulting death during a crucifixion may
be summarized as follows:
"...it appears likely that the mechanism of death in crucifixion was
suffocation. The chain of events which ultimately led to suffocation are
as follows: With the weight of the body being supported by the sedulum,
the arms were pulled upward. This caused the intercostal and pectoral
muscles to be stretched. Furthermore, movement of these muscles was
opposed by the weight of the body. With the muscles of respiration thus
stretched, the respiratory bellows became relatively fixed. As dyspnea
developed and pain in the wrists and arms increased, the victim was forced
to raise the body off the sedulum, thereby transferring the weight of the
body to the feet. Respirations became easier, but with the weight of the
body being exerted on the feet, pain in the feet and legs mounted. When
the pain became unbearable, the victim again slumped down on the sedulum
with the weight of the body pulling on the wrists and again stretching the
intercostal muscles. Thus, the victim alternated between lifting his body
off the sedulum in order to breathe and slumping down on the sedulum to
relieve pain in the feet. Eventually , he became exhausted or lapsed into
unconsciousness so that he could no longer lift his body off the sedulum.
In this position, with the respiratory muscles essentially paralyzed, the
victim suffocated and died. (DePasquale and Burch)
Due to the shallow breathing, the victim's lungs begin to collapse in
small areas. causing hypoxia and hypercarbia. A respiratory acidosis, with
lack of compensation by the kidneys due to the loss of blood from the
numerous beatings, resulted in an increased strain on the heart, which
beats faster to compensate. Fluid builds up in the lungs. . Under the
stress of hypoxia and acidosis the heart eventually fails. There are
several different theories on the actual cause of death. One theory states
that there was a filling of the pericardium with fluid, which put a fatal
strain on the ability of the heart to pump blood (Lumpkin). Another theory
states that Jesus died of cardiac rupture." (Bergsma) The actual cause of
Jesus' death, however, "may have been multifactorial and related primarily
to hypovolemic shock, exhaustion asphyxia and perhaps acute heart
failure."(Edwards) A fatal cardiac arrhythmia may have caused the final
terminal event. (Johnson, Edwards)
A LAST DRINK OF WINE VINEGAR
John 19:29-30 "A jar of wine vinegar was there, so they soaked a sponge in
it, put the sponge on a stalk of the hyssop plant, and lifted it to Jesus'
lips." When he had received the drink, Jesus said, `It is finished'. "With
that, he bowed his head and gave up his spirit."
Having suffered severe blood losses from His numerous beatings and thus in
a dehydrated state, Jesus, in one of His final statements, said "I
thirst." He was offered 2 drinks on the cross. The first, which He
refused, was a drugged wine (mixed with myrrh). He chose to face death
without a clouded mind. Edersheim writes:
"It was a merciful Jewish practice to give to those led to execution a
draught of strong wine mixed with myrrh so as to deaden consciousness"
(Mass Sem 2.9; Bemid. R. 10). This charitable office was performed at the
cost of, if not by, an association of women in Jerusalem (Sanh. 43a). The
draught was offered to Jesus when He reached Golgotha. But having tasted
it....He would not drink it. ....He would meet Death, even in his sternest
and fiercest mood, and conquer by submitting to the full....(p.880).
The second drink, which He accepts moments before His death, is described
as a wine vinegar. Two points are important to note. The drink was given
on the "stalk of a hyssop plant". Remember that these events occurred at
the Feast of the Passover. During this feast, (Exod 12:22) hyssop was used
to apply the blood of the Passover lamb to the wooden doorposts of the
Jews. It is interesting the end of this hyssop stalk pointed to the blood
of the Perfect Lamb which was applied to the wooden cross for the
salvation of all mankind. (Barclay) In addition, the wine vinegar is a
product of fermentation, which is made from grape juice and yeast. The
word literally means "that which is soured" and is related to the Hebrew
term for "that which is leavened". (Holmans) Yeast or leaven, is a
Biblical symbol of sin. When Jesus took this drink, (i.e. a drink which
was "leavened") it is thus symbolic of His taking the sins of the world
into His body.
CELEBRATION OF THE OPPOSITION
SPIRITUAL WARFARE
Psalm 22:12-13: "Many bulls surround me; strong bulls of Bashan encircle
me. Roaring lions tearing their prey open their mouths wide against me."
While He was on the cross, darkness covered the land (noon to three p.m.).
Jesus, in Luke 22:53, associates those who arrested Him with the power of
darkness. Where were the evil forces while Jesus was on the cross? The
verses above from Psalm 22 seem out of place when first read. There seems
to be no mention of "bulls" and "lions" around the cross. The verses,
however, have a deeper meaning.(Courson) Bashan was an area to the east of
the Jordan River which was famous for its fertility. Cattle were raised
there which grew to enormous sizes. The people there worshipped demon
spirits (associated with Baal) within the cattle. In 1 Pet 5:8, Satan is
described as "a roaring lion...seeking those who he may devour" These
verses are thus suggestive of the spiritual activity of Satan and his
demons, celebrating as Jesus was suffering on the cross.
JESUS LAID DOWN HIS LIFE
John 10:17-18 "The reason my Father loves me is that I lay down my
life--only to take it up again. No one takes it from me, but I lay it down
on my own accord. I have authority to lay it down and authority to take it
up again. This command I received from my Father."
>Luke 23:46 "Jesus called out with a loud voice, 'Father, into your hands
I commit my spirit'." When he had said this, he breathed his last.
The average time of suffering before death by crucifixion is stated to be
about 2-4 days(Tenney), although there are reported cases where the
victims lived for 9 days.(Lipsius) The actual causes of death by
crucifixion were multifactorial, one of the most significant would have
been the severity of the scourging. (Edwards) Jesus died a quick physical
death (Pilate was surprised that He had died so soon.(Mark 15:44)). While
many of the physical signs preceding death were present, one possibility
is that Jesus did not die by physical factors which ended His ability to
live, but that He gave up His life of His own accord. His last statement,
"Into your hands I commit my Spirit" seems to show that Jesus' death
occurred by giving Himself up. In John 10, He states that only He has the
power to lay down His life. He proved His power over death by His
resurrection. Truly, God is the one who has power over life and death
DEATH BY CRUCIFIXION:
HASTENED by the breaking of the legs, so that the victim could not push up
to take a good breath.
>John 19:32-33: The soldiers therefore came and broke the legs of the
first man who had been crucified with Jesus, and then those of the other.
But when they came to Jesus and found that he was already dead, they did
not break his legs.
CONFIRMED by a spear thrust into the right side of the heart.
John 19:34: Instead, one of the soldiers pierced Jesus' side with a spear,
bringing a sudden flow of blood and water. Death in crucifixion was
hastened by the breaking of the legs of the victim. This procedure, called
crurifracture, prevented the ability of the victim to take in a good
breath. Death would quickly occur from suffocation. In Jesus' case, He
died quickly and did not have His legs broken. Jesus fulfills one of the
prophetic requirements of the Passover Lamb, that not a bone shall be
broken.(Exodus 12:46, John 19:36)
To confirm that a victim was dead, the Romans inflicted a spear wound
through the right side of the heart. When pierced, a sudden flow of blood
and water came Jesus' body . The medical significance of the blood and
water has been a matter of debate. One theory states that Jesus died of a
massive myocardial infarction, in which the heart ruptured (Bergsma) which
may have resulted from His falling while carrying the cross. (Ball)
Another theory states that Jesus' heart was surrounded by fluid in the
pericardium, which constricted the heart and caused death.(Davis) The
physical stresses of crucifixion may have produced a fatal cardiac
arrhythmia. (Johnson)
The stated order of "blood and water" may not necessarily indicate the
order of appearance, but rather the relative prominence of each fluid. In
this case, a spear through the right side of the heart would allow the
pleural fluid (fluid built up in the lungs) to escape first, followed by a
flow of blood from the wall of the right ventricle.(Edwards) The important
fact is that the medical evidence supports that Jesus did die a physical
death.
The story, of course, does not end here. The greatest event that separates
Jesus from all others is the fact that He rose again and lives today. He
intercedes for those who follow Him at the right hand of the Father.(Heb
7:25)
APPEARANCE IN HEAVEN
Revelation 5:6: Then I saw a Lamb, looking as if it had been slain,
standing in the center of the throne, encircled by the four living
creatures and the elders.
In eternity, Jesus will bear the marks of His crucifixion. Rev 5:6
suggests that He appears in heaven with the marks as a Lamb "looking as if
it had been slain". We know that when He appeared to Thomas that He bore
the scars of the nails and the spear in His side.(John 20:26-28) It is
also worth considering reasons as to why He was not immediately recognized
after His resurrection. In John 21:12, it is stated that the disciples did
"not dare to ask Him His identity, because they knew that it was the
Lord." It is possible that His resurrection body still has the marks of
His beatings. "The body of His glorification will be the body of His
humiliation." (Missler)
Are we ready to meet Him? What have we done with what He has given to us?.
Today, He encourages us to consider the cost of the cross and to apply it
to our own lives.
FOLLOWING JESUS CHRIST
Luke 9:23: Then he said to them all: "If anyone would come after me, he
must deny himself and take up his cross daily and follow me."
When He was on earth, Jesus stated that , "If any man would come after me,
let him take up his cross daily and follow me." (Luke 9:23) As we have
seen, in Jesus' time it meant going to your death, giving up and
separating yourself from all that you had.......your rights, your friends,
your body and blood and even your "god", to follow Him.
We are challenged by the example of Simon of Cyrene. Scripture mentions
Him as being the father of Alexander and Rufus.(Mark 15:21) Rufus ("a
choice man in the Lord") and Simon's wife were both addressed by Paul in
his letter to the Roman church. (Romans 16:13) Here was a man, who indeed
carried the cross...and made an impact for Christ in eternity. What
commitment are you willing to make to Him now?
The Bible, God's Word (II Timothy 3:16-17), relates how God once had a
personal relationship with man. God would talk and relate to man, just as
you might relate to your best friend. God created man to give him a
meaningful and purposeful life.
Man chose to go his own way by disobeying God. (This applies to all men as
in Romans 3:23). This disobedience, called sin, caused a break in the
relationship between man and God. If a man casually seeks a relationship
with God by his own efforts (religion), he will find nothing, because sin
has broken the communication. (Isaiah 59:2)
Christianity is the story of God sacrificing His Son to restore a
relationship that was broken. As stated in the above text, Jesus gave up
His life to pay for the sins of mankind and taking the punishment for the
sin upon Himself. Because He gave His life on the cross, any one who
believes in Him will have a restoration of a personal relationship with
God. Jesus Himself claimed to be the only way to God (John 14:6) and only
by the knowledge of God through Jesus Christ can man have a meaningful and
purposeful life.(John 10:10)
God desires that all men come to know Him in a personal way. If you have
never received Jesus' gift of Himself for your sins , or have any doubts
to how you can have a meaningful and purposeful life by the kinowledge of
God through Jesus Christ, you can start by praying a simple prayer, such
as:
Dear Lord Jesus. Thank you for dying on the cross for me. I confess that I
am a sinner before God. I acknowledge that by your death and sacrifice
that you have paid the penalty of my sins for me. Please come into my
heart and become the Lord of my life.As you gave your life, I give my life
to you. I will take up my cross and follow you, not as I will, but to
follow Your perfect will for my life. In Jesus Name, Amen.
If you have prayed this prayer, please let us know by e-mail. It would be
a real blessing to us. Or if you have any further questions about the work
of Jesus on the cross, please send Dr. Terasaka e-mail at:
terasaka@dreamscape.com.
Would you like to know more about how you can have a personal relationship
with God? If so, click here



References:
Ball, D. A. "The Crucifixion and Death of a Man Called Jesus". J Miss St
Med Assoc 30(3): 77-83, 1989.
Barclay, William. "The Gospel of John Volume 2" Westminister Press,
Philadelphia, Pa.,. 1975.
Bergsma, Stuart. "Did Jesus Die of a Broken Heart?". The Calvin Forum,
14:165, 1948.
Bible, Amplified version. Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids,
Michigan, 1964.
Bucklin, R.. "The Legal and Medical Aspects of the Trial and Death of
Christ". Med Sci Law. 10:14-26, 1970.
Courson, Jon. "Why Psalms 22?" (tape) Firefighters for Christ,
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Davis, C.T. "The Crucifixion of Jesus :The Passion of Christ from a
Medical Point of View". Ariz Med 22:183-187, 1965.
DePasquale, N. P. and Burch, G.E. "Death by Crucifixion", Am Heart J
66(3):. 434-435, 1963.
Edersheim, A. "TheLife and Times of Jesus the Messiah". Hendrickson
Publishers, Inc. Peabody, Massachusetts, 1993.
Edwards, W.D., Gabel, W.J and Hosmer, F.E. "On the Physical Death of Jesus
Christ." JAMA. 255 (11), pp. 1455-1463, 1986.
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Israel 1994
Grafenberg, J. S.."Observ.Medic.," Lib.III. p.458.
Holman's Bible Dictionary, Holman Bible Publishers, 1991.
Johnson, C.."Medicaland Cardiological Aspects of the Passion and
Crucifixion of Jesus, the Christ", Bol Asoc Med P Rico 70 (3) :97-102,
1978.
Kollek, T. and Dowley, T. , "Next Year in Jerusalem", Harvest House,
Eugene, Oregon, 1995.
Lipsius, Justus. "De Cruce. Libri tres, ad sacram profanamque historiam
utiles. (3rd part Tom III. Opera Omnia. Antwerp, 1614)
Lumpkin,R.."The Physical Suffering of Christ", J Med Assoc Ala 47: 8-10,
1978.
Magi, G. "Israel". Casa Editrice Bonechi, Florence, Italy, 1992.
McDowell, J. "The Resurrection Factor". Campus Crusade for Christ,
Nashville, Tenn., 1981.
Metherall, A.. "Christ's Physical Suffering" (Tape) Firefighters for
Christ , Westminister, Ca.
Missler, C. "Isaiah 53" (Tape) Firefighters for Christ, Westminister, Ca.
Missler, C. "Israel Tour Book" 1995 Edition.
Pink, A. "The Seven Sayings of the Saviour on the Cross", Baker Book
House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1958.
Scott, C.T. "A Case of Haematidrosis", Br Med J .1: 532-533, 1918.
Strong, J. "Strong's Concordance", MacDonald Pub Co., McLean, Va.
Tenney, S.M. "On Death By Crucifixion", Am Heart J .68(2) :286-287, 1964.
Websters Dictionary, Grosset and Dunlap, New York, 1974.

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And May He Bring Peace to Each And Every Heart on Earth.

--Winston

national7000@yahoo.com